The effective nuclear charge on such an electron is given by the following equation:
2.
Therefore, the effective nuclear charge towards the outermost electrons increases, drawing the outermost electrons closer.
3.
As an approximation, we can estimate the effective nuclear charge on each electron by the following:
4.
Pauling used effective nuclear charge to proportion the distance between ions into anionic and a cationic radii.
5.
The X-ray spectroscopy done by Henry Moseley in 1914 showed a direct dependency between spectral line and effective nuclear charge.
6.
In quantum chemistry, "'Slater's rules "'provide numerical values for the effective nuclear charge concept.
7.
The reason for the greater magnitude in bond length change for silicon species over phosphorus species is the increased effective nuclear charge at phosphorus.
8.
Additionally, the effective nuclear charge has increased, and thus the electrons are attracted more strongly towards the nucleus and the ionic radius decreases.
9.
The radii follow general periodic trends : they decrease across the period due to increase in the effective nuclear charge, which is not offset by the increased number of valence electrons.
10.
In other words, each electron represents a cloud of negative charge which somewhat shields the nucleus so that the other electron actually sees an effective nuclear charge Z that is less than 2.
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